Computer education

 

Introduction of computer 

Today's era is computer era.  Today computer is included in every sphere of life.  An electronic plant that calculates on a large scale is called a computer or a computer, that is, a computer is a device by which various types of data are automatically processed and stored.  The first computer in the present form was Mark-1, which was completed in 1937 AD.  

Work of computer

Computer Functions :-Major technical functions of computers are of four types - 

1.Compilation or insertion of data .

2 data collection .

3. Processing of data and

 4. Issue or re-issuance of data or information received.  Figures can be written, printed, audible, visual underlined, or in mechanical gestures. 

 Hardware:- Hardware and all the devices and devices attached to it are called hardware.  Under this comes the central resource unit, internal memory, external memory, input and output unit etc. 

 Software: The programs created for the operation of a computer are called software.  

Language of Computer :-(Language of Computer) Computer language can be divided into the following three sections - 1.  Machine Code Language

 2. Assembly Code Language 

 3. High Level Languages

 ​​1. Machine Code Language :- In this language, each order has two parts - Order  Operation Code and Location Code.  These two are grouped in the order of 0 and 1 and expressed.  In the early days of the computer, different orders of 0 and 1 were used by the programmer to order the computer.  This language was timely, due to which assembly and high level languages ​​were used.  

2. Assembly Language :-In this language, a code to be remembered was called the mnemonic code.  Such as ADD for ADDITION, SUB for SUBTRACTION and JMP for JUMP.  But the use of this language was limited to a computer with a fixed structure, so these languages ​​were called low-level languages. 

 3. High Level Languages: IBM company is responsible for the development of high level languages.  The first high-level language called FORTRAN was developed by the efforts of this company.  After this hundreds of high level languages ​​developed.  These languages ​​are very close to the languages ​​used in human speaking and writing.

 Some of the high level languages ​​are :-

 (a) Development of this language of FORTRAN computer courtesy of IBM.  W.  Bekus in 1957 AD  I did  This language was developed to solve mathematical formulas easily and in a short time.  

(b) COBOL: COBOL is actually an acronym for Common Business Oriented Language.  This language was developed for commercial interests.  Paragraphs are a group of sentences written for the operation of this language.  All the paragraphs together form a section and all the sections consist of a division.

(c) Basic (BASIC): This is a shortened version of the English words Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.  In this language, a certain part of the command contained in the program can be executed, whereas in earlier languages ​​the entire program had to be inserted into the computer and further tasks would be executed when the program was fixed .

(d) Algol (ALGOL  ): It is an abbreviation for Algorithmic Language of English.  It was designed for use in complex algebraic calculations.  

(e) PASCAL: This is the extended form of Algol.  All variables are defined in it, due to which it is different from Algol and Basic.  

(f) COMAL): This is an abbreviation for Common Algorithmic Language. This language is used for secondary level students. 

(g) Logo (LOGO): This language is used for graphic sketches to young children.

(h) PROLOG: This is an abbreviation for the English word Programming in Logic. This language was developed in France in 1973 AD. It was developed for the works of artificial intelligence.  , Which is capable of logical programming.

 (I) FORTH: This language was invented by Charles Moore. It is used in all kinds of computer functions. All these high level languages ​​have a commonality  Almost all the English characters (A, B, C, D .... etc.) and Indo-Arabian numerals (0, 1,2,3, .... etc.) are used.

Different parts of computer :-

 (CPU): It is an abbreviation for Central Processing Unit.  This is called the brain of a computer. 

(RAM): This is an abbreviation for random access memory.  In common language, it is called memory of computer.  RAM is calculated from megabytes (unit).  

(ROM): This is an abbreviation for read only memory.  It is the part of hardware in which all the information is permanently collected and which instructs the computer to operate the program. 

 (Mother Board): It is a circuit board, in which each plug of the computer is installed.  Units like CPU, RAM etc. are connected to the motherboard itself.  

(Hard Disk):- is the function of storing programs for the computer.  

(Floppy Disk Drive): It is used to secure information or exchange information from one computer to another. 

(CD-ROM): CD ROM ie compact disc is capable of storing very large amounts of data and images with sounds, despite being small in size.

Key Board: A device used for the computer's writing system is called a key board.  In general, the Computer 101 key board is considered good.

Mouse: With the help of this, various programs of the computer are operated on the screen.

Monitor: Information contained in the computer can be seen on it.  Good color monitors have 256 colors.  Monitors use dot pitch.  The fewer the numbers on the dotpitch, the clearer and deeper the image emerges on the screen.

Sound Card (Sound Card): This is necessary for the growing use of multimedia along with listening to the essentials and information.

Printer: With this help data printed on the computer is printed on paper.  Dot Matrix, Ink Jet, Bubble Jet and Laser Jet are the major printers.

Computer Virus: Computer virus is a type of electronic code, which is used to destroy the information contained in a computer.  In a computer program, it can be transmitted maliciously from a telephone line.  This code can provide false information, destroy the collected information, and if a computer is connected to a network, the virus can affect the entire network due to being connected electronically.  The exchange of floppy also threatens the spread of the virus.  They can remain unidentified in the computer for months and years and can damage it.  Electronic security system has been developed to prevent them.  Some of the main computer viruses are Michaelangelo, Dark Avenger, Kilo, Philip, Sea Brain, Bloody, Change Mungu and Desi.

Important facts related to computer: -

◆Charles Babbage is called father of computer.  

◆The discovery of modern computers was first made in 1946 AD.

●Great revolution in the field of 1960 AD.

 ●Computer USA is the country with the highest number of computers in the world.It is followed by Japan, Germany, Britain and France respectively.  India ranks 19th in this list.

»Computer literacy means knowing what the computer can and cannot do.

● The electronic path that sends signals from one part of the computer to another is called a bus.

●ICMP is used for error reporting.

●2 December is celebrated as Computer Literacy Day.

●The new computer policy in India was announced in November 1984.

●Siddhartha is the first computer manufactured in India.  It was built by Electronic Corporation of India.

●India's first computerized post office is in New Delhi.

●India's first pollution-free computerized petrol pump is in Mumbai.

●The first computer university in India to be established under the private sector is Rajiv Gandhi Computer University. 

●The first computer reservation system in India was implemented in New Delhi.

●The Silicon Valley of India is called Bangalore.Von Neumann has contributed most to the development of computers.

●The Bharatiya Janata Party is the first party in India to have its own website on the Internet.

●There are three types of computers - digital, analog, hybrid. The computer that performs mathematical calculations is called digital computer.

●Development of integrated circuit chip  s .  Kilby did it.  There is a layer of iron oxide on the magnetic disk.  - 

●Tim Berners Lee is the inventor and promoter of www (World Wide Web). 

●Assembler converts assembly language into instrument language.A computer's memory is usually expressed as kilobytes or megabytes.  A byte is made up of eight binary digits.

●Anupam' is a supercomputer developed by Bhabha Atomic Research Center.

●Tianhe - 2 (China) is the fastest supercomputer in the world.

●The smallest unit of computer data is bit.  The acronym 0 to 1, made up of the initial and last letters of the 'binary unit', is called a bit.

●The computer which works according to the principle of estimation is called analog computer.

●The combined form of analog and digital is called hybrid computer.

●A large computer that works 10 times faster than a normal computer is called a supercomputer.

●A supercomputer has a computing capacity of about 40 thousand microcomputers.

●Its speed is measured with a megaflop.  The world's first supercomputer K.K.  1 - S, which was completed in 1979.  It was created by the Six Research Company of America.

●Uploading information from a computer to a computer near or far is called upload. 

●5 generations of computers have been developed.

●Semiconductor memory (memory power) often works in modern computers.

●The computer board has a total of eight convenors.

●1 kilobyte (KB) is equivalent to 1024 bytes.

●1 MB (megabyte) equals 1024 KB.

●1GB (Gigabyte) is equivalent to 1024 MB

●SNOBOL is the specific language used to search for information arrival and program.

●The first book on personal computers was written by Ted Nelson.

●The Pulitzer Prize was given to the book Soul of New Machine (author - Tassie Kidder) written on computer.

●The first magazine of computer is Computer and Automation.

●The first home computer is the Commodore VIC / 20.

●According to scientists, Indian language Sanskrit is the easiest to computerize.

●Data processing means preparing information for commercial use.

●The working method of digital computer is based on calculation and theory.

●ENIAC was the world's first digital computer. FORTRAN is the first language developed for the program.

●Hindi is a computer language acceptance zone.  COBOL High Level Language (HLL) is similar to the English language.

●The most appropriate documentation possible in the COBOL language. 

◆Translation program which translates high level language into low level language is called compiler.

Computer related full forms

ALU	Arithmetic logic unit
HTML	Hyper text markup language
CPU	Central processing unit
RAM	Random access memory
ROM	Read only memory
WWW	World wide web
FAX	Far away Xerox
HLL	High